Medicine Across Cultures: History and Practice of Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. A domesticated tropical shrub that today is highly controlled due to its use in the production of cocaine, back then it was a mild stimulant, anesthetic, hunger and thirst suppressant, alleviator of pain and fatigue and altitude sickness, and dry mouth cure due to its ability to increase saliva production. However, to attribute this innovation solely to the Incas would be incorrect: they… Malpass, Michael Andrew. They were a pastoral tribe who inhabited the region of Cuzco of modern day Peru around 12th century. Inca herbalists would grind the tree bark into a powder, then make it into a drink, and give it to those suffering from malaria. In Inca medicine a large role was reserved for religion and magic but at the same time an extensive knowledge of medicinal plants was available. The power and reach of the Inca empire is all the more impressive because it developed without currency, the wheel or a written form of communication. 7 Things you may not know about The Mayans. In the LAS Capstone Pachamama Never Left: Nature and Culture of Peru students are asked to write a final research paper on a topic of their choosing from an interdisciplinary perspective. With so many dead, so much forbidden, and no written records to fall back on, much of the Inca knowledge on medicine and healing has been lost. In … She does this through Four Directions Wellness, affiliated with the GW Center for Integrative Medicine, and located in Alexandria, Virginia. The Inca had several different types of doctors, though there are some discrepancies in modern day sources between what they were called and what their roles were. This square portion was then raised and removed. The women in each ayllu were in charge of caring for and feeding the sick. It is known as the drink of the Incas and is a type of beer (National, 153). Central College youTube, Central College Twitter Print. Epidemics swept across the Andes and killed millions. Central College Instagram Central College youTube, Inca Medicine: Religion, Culture, and Ethnobotany. Probably the largest nation in the world at that time, the Inca Empire was sud - denly conquered by a small band of Spanish soldiers in 1532. The Inca rulers star… Inca Medicine When people got sick in the Inca Empire, priests usually performed healing ceremonies over them. Dried and pulverized, the resin was applied to ulcers and used to treat diseases of the respiratory system. The Inca people were a part of the Andean civilization. Dalrymple-champneys, Sir Weldon. United States: Horatius Pr, 2002. LINCOM Studies in Anthropology, 2014. Numerous sources listed the Incas as having three main types of doctors that were divided by the type of care they offered rather than the class of people they worked with. Print. It stands to reason, then, that they would be advanced in their medical practices as well. Roland Hamilton. There is currently a revival of Inca medicine occurring, with indigenous people tapping into their roots and exploring some of the traditions handed down from their ancestors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1989. Landau, Fred. Sarsaparilla was used in the relief of painful sores (Somervill, 102). Regardless of what the illness may be, when the patient is asked what he has, he can only answer that his body hurts or that his heart is hurting and bothering him. These people began working gold in pre-Incan times. It was burned in ritualistic sacrifices, which were important both for the supernatural side of the healer’s powers and also for Inca religious beliefs. Three major civilizations in South America—the Aztecs, the Mayas, and the Incas—mentioned briefly about the practice of medicine but rarely about sleep and sleep medicine. However, as with every great ancient civilization, eventually the Inca Empire fell. The empire benefitted greatly from the Incas’ prodigious innovation, whether in terms of record-keeping or surgery. They believed that only through the use of natural remedies and supernatural pleas could the patient be healed. It was through a very unlucky (on the part of the Inca) series of events that Pizarro was able to conquer the Incas so quickly. It is not only a matter of time, but also a necessity, as healthcare costs rise and exotic diseases proliferate. The second type was the Hanpeq (also Hampeq) who applied their knowledge of diseases, blended herbs and minerals, and attended to remedies and post-treatment. How did empire-building benefit farm production. Surgical preperation. Glossary of Terminology of the Shamanic & Ceremonial Traditions of the Inca Medicine Lineage. O’Neill, Patt. The name Inca is mostly an incorrect label for the empire given by the Spanish conquistadors, originating from the word meaning the “ruling class” of these four provinces. Learning about Inca’s Ancient Medicine Far more sophisticated for its time, the Inca Empire started in the 13 th century. And, Inca’s ancient medicine practitioners are also advanced herbalists as well–using quinine for stomach aches and other ailments, coca plant leaves to alleviate pain, and even curare as an anesthetic and sedative. “Preconquest Peruvian neurosurgeons: a study of Inca and pre-Columbian trephination and the art of medicine in ancient Peru.” Neurosurgery 47.4 (Oct. 2000): 940-950. Ravaged by several smallpox outbreaks, Typhus, influenza, diphtheria and measles, Inca’s ancient medicine is ill-equipped to combat these foreign, unseen invaders. Cabo then went on to describe the herbalist’s actions: “The old Indian stepped a little way off the road (they were outside of town), and he picked out a certain herb which he immediately smashed between two stones so that it could not be recognized, and it never was” (166). It reached its height in what is called the Classic period, from about 300 to 900 C.E. In the Aztec society (the earliest Mexican civilization around 955 BC), explicit cultural codes governed interpersonal relations and daily activities. Inca medicine nurtures the seed of light inside you so that it can sprout, bloom and flourish. Central College Facebook One hypothesis is that the Inca practiced it in response to warfare injuries. Print. The Andean civilization, which is estimated to have developed from as early as 4th century BC, is regarded as the first civilization in South America.It is one of five civilizations in the world considered by scholars to be “pristine”, that is indigenous and not derivative from other civilizations. The Inca brain surgeons are using copper/bronze implements to break, drill and saw into their patients’ skulls. Prioreschi writes in A History of Medicine: Primitive and Ancient Medicine, “Inca medicine, like the medicine of the other populations in Pre-Colombian America, showed that mixture of naturalism and supernaturalism that was the rule in all ancient civilizations” (482). Inca technology is still questioned today. “Inca Child Sacrifice Victims Were Drugged.” National Geographic July 2013. Incas are known to have invented and be capable of performing ventriculostomies (i.e., small holes drilled into the skull) and decompressive craniectomies (i.e., removing larger parts of the skulls) to relieve cerebral edemas (i.e., brain swelling from a wide variety of maladies) with patients surviving 80-90% of these medical procedures. It is also the location of the most famed and distinguished of Inca structures – the Machu Picchu.Located 2500 metres above sea level, it is often called the ‘Lost City’ and was originally an estate of the 15th century emperor Pachacuti. … How advanced was Inca medicine? Before the Spanish arrived, however, the Inca Empire achieved incredible feats such as the 14,000 miles of all-weather highways that linked one side of empire to the other, the construction of anti-seismic buildings so sturdy that they stand today, and the formation of a universal language and religion, despite the empire consisting of more than 10 million subjects. The surgeon would have removed part of the skull in order to release the malicious spirit that had possessed the patient and caused his or her sickness. The Inca doctors stood little chance in combating these sicknesses given their novelty and how quickly they spread. Probably the largest nation in the world at that time, the Inca Empire was sud - denly conquered by a small band of Spanish soldiers in 1532. If Cabo’s tale is accurate, then it hints at a culture where knowledge of herbal remedies was a highly guarded secret. (167). Given their inability to provide a sterilized environment for the patients and their use of scalpels of copper, bronze, gold, obsidian, or silver and other types of chisels such as the crescent bladed tumi as surgical instruments, a 9 out of 10 survival rate is impressive. According to Father Bernabe Cobo, a Jesuit priest who chronicled the daily life and customs of the Inca, their lack of sharing between members of the medical community may have been deliberate. “Notes on Coca Erythroxylon coca and E. nogagranatense.” University of Las Vegas, Nevada. In what area of medicine did the incas make the most notable advances? Empire of the Inca. Another method was scraping. Incas carved stones, which could weigh over 200 tons, and they were so perfectly carved that it fitted together a knife's blade could not fit in between. Shamans were thought to have special curative powers. In their article “Preconquest Peruvian Neurosurgeons: A Study of Inca and Pre-Columbian Trephination and the Art of Medicine in Ancient Peru,” Marino and Gonzales-Portillo refer to these doctors, who treated the nobility, as churihampi-camayoc (947). The Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu, lit. Boiling the leaves produced a liquid good for those suffering from eczema. What practices among the Moche did the Inca adapt to unify their empire? Inca medicine nurtures the seed of light inside you so that it can sprout, bloom and flourish. Corn, or maize, was the plant most often fermented, though manioc root, quinoa, and the seeds of the molle tree can all be used to produce chicha as well. United States: Shoreline Publishing Group, LLC, 2005. Far more sophisticated for its time, the Inca Empire started in the 13 th century. Web. The Incas also had a fairly sophisticated understanding of the medicinal properties of herbs and plants. United States: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. Other types of skull fractures may have caused blood clots and pressure on the brain, also possibly resulting in behavioral disturbances and headaches. Web. They were in the midst of a civil war between two brothers and had recently been decimated by smallpox, which had travelled down from Central America where the Europeans had already invaded. Somervill, Barbara. Sir Weldon Dalrymple-champneys described two different types of healers, hampi-camayocs and soncoyocs, in his article in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. (165). Soncoyocs, or ccamascas, were healers that practiced among the common people (Dalrymple, 388), though Marino and Gonzales refer to them as sirkaks or sangradors (947). Through examining mummies, ancient ceramics, and the chronicles of the Spanish, researchers have found evidence of tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy, rheumatism, typhus, warts, respiratory illnesses, kidney stones, tetanus infections, acromegaly, club foot, hare-lip, epilepsy, ringworm, eczema, tapeworms, lice infestations, and many others. The bark of one tree, for example, produced quinine, which the Incas used to cure cramps, chills, and many other ailments. Print. 2. The sun was sacred, and the official religion was the sun cult. Those who chose to undertake this method of birth control and escaped punishment were understandably not forthcoming, but chroniclers think the herbal remedy may have been an infusion of the sogue leaves (Selin, 843). The Inca Empire, at its largest, stretched 2,500 miles along the South American coast, encompassing territory in present day Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and even part of Colombia. The medicine of the Incas transcended its time and is still practiced today by many of the Andean settlers. The Inca civilization had an extent supply of knowledge about how to treat many sicknesses. The Inca, fortunately, had access to both. When cooked and added to a bath, the leaves treated gout. Print. 2nd Ed. Coca is used for these things among the indigenous Andean people today (Landau, n.p.). Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. The Incas are military conquerors themselves with strategic operations. create an empire that at its peak extended over a vast area along the rugged Andes Mountains of South America. They were careful to perform rituals correctly to ward off evil spirits and ensure the patients remained unharmed and healthy. Construction of roads. Over the centuries, there are sophisticated negotiations for peaceful joiners of the Inca Empire, and there are cases of kings slain so their wives and daughters can marry into the family and return to rule their native lands as part of the empire. It’s truly miraculous that archaeologists unearth hundreds of such skulls, providing the operations are not only successful, but some are multi-surgery survivors! In Cabo’s story, the “old Indian” was likely a Hanpeq. The boy’s father, amazed, begged the herbalist to reveal which herb he had used: [The father] was left with such a strong desire to find out about that herb, and he promised that Indian such good pay, with flattery and kindness, that he promised to show it to him. There is even archeological evidence in Paracas and Cuzco that the Inca may have had hospitals as well as centers and schools for the teaching and training of doctors (Marino and Gonzales-Portillo, 942). A third method involved drilling. Read here to learn more about the religion of the Inca civilization. Handwerk, Brian. Pizarro quickly killed the emperor, Atahuallpa, and began the systematic take-over of the Incas. The sacred site of Pachacamac is taken over by the Incas. Mayan civilization dates back to 2000 B.C.E. This is evidenced by the regrowth of bone in the trepanned skulls. By providing more labor resources. Prioreschi, Plinio. "The Four Regions"), also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Barbara Somervill wrote in Empire of the Inca that in Inca communities healing involved all members. four directions–north, south, east and west, four elements–air (animals), water (plants), fire (humans) and earth (minerals) (respectively), and. The Inca did not practice medicine as we think of it today, but rather incorporated a blend of culture, religion, and knowledge on herbs and minerals. How did empire-building benefit farm production. Their doctors all trained in one central medical school in the Incan Capital, Cusco, for several years each, and regularly performed surg… With a massive Food bonus from Trade Routes, Mountains and Terrace Farms, Inca can sprint quickly towards a Scientific or a Cultural Victory. As more and more cultures with their own religions and their own medical practices were incorporated into the expanding empire, the Inca began to recognize that the properties of medicines were inherent in the herbs and minerals rather than a result of an endowment of magical attributes by the gods (Prioreschi, 482). Print. Daily Life in the Inca Empire. create an empire that at its peak extended over a vast area along the rugged Andes Mountains of South America. Sexuality, procreation, and Inca ethnobotany. Ed. They knew how to cure, among others, urinary track and respiratory disorders, such as the cough and bronchitis, and how to treat sickness in the immune system by increasing the amount of white blood cells or leukocytes. Peru ranges from coastline to rain forests to mountainous elevations, and the Inca had mastered the herbs found in each climate during each season (Selin and Shapiro, 242). The medicine practiced by the Incas was related to religion and rituals. Therefore, the doctor has to resign himself, 10like a veterinarian who cures an animal, to explanations as he sees fit. https://fourdirectionswellness.com/2018/12/18/incas-ancient-medicine The medicine of the Incas today The empire of the Incas extended from the city of Cusco to the present territories of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Argentina. Print. The Inca believed that sickness came from a fault committed by the patient or a neighbor, resulting in an angry god or a curse. The molle tree is a perfect illustration of this, mentioned before for its role in chicha making, but also considered a universal medicine for all the Inca’s ailments. Central College Facebook The Inca people originated in the Cuzco Valley of what is modern-day Peru in about AD 1000, and Genipen-based agents were used for cleansing the wounds as they have antibacterial properties (Selin and Shapiro, 235). One culture that excelled at this type of surgery was the Incan people. It ended abruptly in 1532 when Francisco Pizarro and his fellow Spaniards invaded. They are known to collect intelligence, and with the information they offer the other kings and rulers wealth and strength in joining in the kingdom turned empire. The cranial surgery is known as trepanning, and the Inca excelled at it. These rituals usually involved some kind of sacrifice: guinea pigs, llamas, food, cumbi cloth, seashells, silver, gold, corn flour, chicha, and/or coca. As a warring nation, constantly battling other civilizations for increased territory and wealth, doctors also often dealt with the injuries and wounds of warfare. Selin, Helaine. Just over a century earlier, military campaigns began to extend power across a broad swath of the Andean region, bringing local societies into new relationships with colonists and officials who represented the Inca state. Potatoes were freeze-dried and crushed into chuñu, which treated ulcers, spasms, syphilis, and even verruga, a type of Andean wart. That being said, determining the specifics of the interplay between Inca culture, religion, and medicine is difficult when consulting only primary sources from the contact-period. The Inca could not have achieved such high survival rates if they were unable to prevent infection, and the surgery would likely not have been performed nearly as often if anesthesia was unavailable for the patient. She guides them to connect intuitively with body, mind, emotions and spirit — it’s all interconnected! The Inca were well versed in the properties of herbs in each microenvironment. The fruits could be used against stomach complaints as well when made into a plaster. They believed that illnesses were brought by bad spirits or were related to witchcraft. The boy’s father was reluctant, however, and decided to consult an “old Indian whose occupation was that of healing among the Indians” (166). The Incas carved over 12,000 miles of road, which had a relay runners mailing system. Master stonemakers, sprawling cities from the Amazon basin to the tops of the Andean mountains, and, in turns out, forebears of brain surgery. They used rituals, plant and animal medicines, and healing stones to return balance between the body and spirit (O’Neill, n.p.). In fact, many of the ingredients in the Inca’s herbal remedies are found in our modern day pills. The main medicine that we know of that they used was cocaine but otherwise the Incas only used the plants that were accessible for them. Ancient trepanation has been studied extensively, and researchers think they’ve discovered some of the methods the Inca may have used. It is connected to our Inner Child and is also known as the Inca Seed. The Inca state was known as the Kingdom of Cuzco before 1438. United States: W.W. Norton & Company Ltd., 2006. They understood the human immune system and how to strengthen it. The first King of Cusco, Manco Cápac, is told to have build the first city with his family and brings the stone-making of his ancestors to the kingdom. And, it stands to reason that modern medical researchers can learn from this ancient healing research. Wilson et al. The Incas built huge building without cement or mud to stick it together. The chroniclers described only a few hundred of the possibly thousands of different herbs the Inca used, and researchers agree that it is more likely a lack of competency on the part of the chroniclers rather than a lack of use in Inca medicine. It hints at a culture that excelled at it was this beverage ’ s all!! Natural world Drugged. ” National Geographic July 2013 certain plants and herbs in order to further subjugate the.... 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