1. The reality is that we still don’t know who is most likely to suffer a concussion, who will take longer to recover, how anatomic or genetic differences influence concussions, and who may be at risk of prolonged symptoms or developing cognitive problems later in life.”[34], Furthermore, many of the studies cited by those who would like to abolish tackle football have involved relatively small sample sizes. Or alternatively: Act so as to cause the least pain to people generally. There are two types of utilitarian ethics practiced on the job, rule utilitarianism and act utilitarianism. Utilitarian ethics distinguishes between happiness as an intrinsic good and those factors that are instrumental means in achieving happiness. A political issue? Utilitarian? 36 short illustrated videos explain behavioral ethics concepts and basic ethics principles. Do you see parallels between the debate as to whether to begin playing football again in the wake of the pandemic and the debate as to whether to abolish or reform football in light of the evidence on brain trauma? [22] Steven Senne, Student Athletes Still Reluctant to Report Concussions, Nationwide Children’s Study Finds, Columbus Dispatch, Nov. 24, 2019, at https://www.dispatch.com/news/20191124/student-athletes-still-reluctant-to-report-concussions-nationwide-childrens-study-finds. Deontological and utilitarian ethics: a brief introduction in the context of disorders of consciousness . By the time Sidgwick wrote, Utilitarianism had become one of the foremost ethical theories of the day. What factors go into each side of the equation? [3] Dave Bry, American Football is Too Dangerous, and It Should Be Abolished, The Guardian (UK), Jan. 4, 2016. A collection of one-of-a-kind videos that highlight the ethical aspects of various subjects. Would you prevent kids under 14 from playing tackle football? Discussion Questions on High Schools & Colleges, Discussion Questions on Youth Leagues (Under 14). [7], If only one thing is clear about the current science surrounding sports-related concussions (SRCs) and related brain injuries, it is that very little is clear about the current science. Which approach do you find more persuasive, and why? According to the theory, a person's moral decisions should be based on a set of moral rules, except in certain rare situations where it is more appropriate to engage in a 'critical' level of moral reasoning. 1. If subconcussive blows are the cause of C.T.E., how much impact is too much? A person displaying ill will toward others does remain a member of this community, but not with his whole personality. 21. It is a form of consequentialism. [66] Daniel Goldberg, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, the National Football League, and the Manufacture of Doubt: An Ethical, Legal, and Historical Analysis, Journal of Legal Medicine, 34: 157-191 (2013). Youth football players average 240 head impacts per season. Amber also plays an invaluable role in research. So, before looking at its impartiality, it is crucial to look at the theory itself that what it aimed at. After a single season, college football players had less midbrain white matter than they had started with. Chen also points to the uncertainties of the science, noting: “For now, these complexities make certain questions about the disease unanswerable. Others who think that utilitarian reasons matter, but are incomplete, would say that there is a good reason in favour of option A, but that other considerations (such as human rights) matter too and might sway our overall ethical judgement on the matter. [86] Ted Tatos, Playing Games with College Athletes’ Lives, The American Prospect, May 20, 2020. This article was published in The International Journal of Ethics (1890-1938), which is continued by Ethics (1938-present). Gammon, Katharine, “The Human Cost of Amber,” The Atlantic, Aug. 2, 2019.   https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/08/amber-fossil-supply-chain-has-dark-human-cost/594601/, Grimaldi, David, “Amber,” Current Biology Magazine. Stripped down to its essentials, utilitarianism is a moral principle that holds that the morally right course of action in any situation is the one that produces the greatest balance of benefits over harms for everyone affected. While some researchers and universities feel as though they should refrain from making such amber purchases, their failure to participate enables many private collectors to remove collections from the public or to charge researchers an exorbitant fee for access. [49], The NFL has taken other concrete steps to respond to the controversy. Ethics, Population Health Policy, and Sports-Related TBI, in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Matt Ventresca & Mary McDonald eds, 2020); Alan Schwarz et al., N.F.L.’s Flawed Concussion Research and Ties to Tobacco Industry, New York Times, March 24, 2016. Another study found that greater RHI exposure correlated with higher levels of plasma t-tau (a biomarker for CTE) in symptomatic former NFL players as compared to the study’s control group. If a healthy person wanders into the hospital, his organs could be harvested to save four lives at the expense of one life. [8] Jeanne Marie Laskas, Concussion (2015). Players Hit Back, New York Times, Sept. 26, 2017. Its prevalence is unknown, and the neuropathological diagnostic criteria are no more than preliminary. Utilitarianism is part of a larger family of consequentialist ethical theories—theories according to which the rightness or wrongness of actions is determined by their tendency to produce good or bad consequences or outcomes. Myanmar classifies amber as a gemstone, not a fossil, so it can be legally removed from the country, unlike fossils that have restrictions on removal. After examining DeGeorge (2010) a utilitarian approach to this case study in handling self-interest is too impractical. [18] Ernest L. Abel, Football Increases the Risk for Lou Gehrig’s Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Perceptual Motor Skills, 104(3): 1251-1254 (20007). According to Kantian ethics there are universal moral laws, which we must follow unconditionally. Myanmar amber is plentiful, high quality and contains inclusions within the resin. Utilitarian Theory of Ethics Utilitarian theory is a consequentialist approach to judging moral behavior. See also Michael Cunningham, Player Safety Takes Back Seat as NCAA Rushes to Allow Campus Workouts, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 22, 2020. Chapter 2: Ethical Systems 2.2 Utilitarian Ethics Utilitarian ethics is a normative ethical system that is primarily concerned with the consequences of ethical decisions; therefore it can be described as a teleological theory or consequentialist theory [37] Everett J. Lehman et al., Suicide Mortality Among Retired National Football League Players Who Played 5 or More Seasons, American Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(10): 2486-2491 (2016). Explain. [49] Lisa Bero, Industry Sponsorship and Research Outcome: A Cochrane Review, JAMA Internal Medicine, 173(7): 580-581 (2013). Some people accuse the media (and others) of hysterically overhyping the dangers of tackle football to the brain. 57 Daniel Goldberg, What Does the Precautionary Principle Demand of Us? The ability to hold a piece of history untouched by time has resulted in a number of scientific discoveries and advances such as feathers on a non-avian dinosaur dated 99 million years ago and the biosynthesis of gene clusters for novel antibiotics. [83] Des Bieler, Oklahoma State’s Mike Gundy Says His Team Needs to Play for Benefit of State Economy,” Washington Post, April 7, 2020, at https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/04/07/oklahoma-states-mike-gundy-says-his-team-needs-play-benefit-state-economy/. [51] Kevin Seifer, Did the Helmet Rule Actually Work? They’re all 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22-year-olds. By Chris MacDonald and Alexei Marcoux A rights-based perspective might say that it is wrong to hire children to do difficult labour, such as working in a factory or in a cotton field. [27] Bryan R. Cobb et al., Head Impact Exposure in Youth Football: Elementary School Ages 9-12 Years and the Effect of Practice Structure, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 41: 2463-2473 (2013). Is Getting Soft. [4] Center for Disease Control, at https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/index.html. [32] Many researchers in the area recently published an article saying: Contrary to common perception, the clinical syndrome of CTE has not yet been fully defined. [40] Thomas L. Schwenk, Depression and Pain in Retired Professional Football Players, Medicine & Science in Sports & Leisure, 39(4): 599-605 92007)(but finding that when coupled with difficult with pain, problems with sleep and social relations often followed). In some cases, amber contains inclusions, such as insects, whole or parts of animals, and plants that are trapped and preserved. Utilitarianism also has trouble accounting for values such as justice and individual rights. They’re all in good shape. Close Figure Viewer [58] Daniel Engber, Concussion Lies, Slate, Dec. 21, 2015, at https://slate.com/culture/2015/12/the-truth-about-will-smiths-concussion-and-bennet-omalu.html; Kevin Lomangino, Journalists Drop the Ball on Big Concussion/CTE Story, HEALTHNEWSREVIEW.ORG, Jan. 19, 2018, at https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2018/01/sports-desks-drop-the-ball-on-big-concussion-story/; [59] Matt Ventresca, The Curious Case of CTE: Mediating Materialities of Traumatic Brain Injury, Communication & Sport, 7(2): 135-156 (2019). Part of the reason is that “[m]ost of the time when a player has a concussion, standard medical imaging techniques do not show damage.”[31] No “gold standard” for diagnosing concussions currently exists. Explain. [88] Kathleen Bachynski, Youth Football is a Moral Abdication, The Atlantic, Feb. 1, 2020. The main goal of this evaluation is to provide to the biggest number possible of individuals a better well-being. It is a universal concept that all of us can understand. Two-level utilitarianism is a utilitarian theory of ethics developed by R. M. Hare. Is this an ethical issue? [16] Kevin M. Guskiewicz et al., Recurrent Concussion and Risk of Depression in Retired Professional Football Players, Medicine & Science in Sports & Leisure, 39(6): 903-909 (2007). The most popularly-known version of Utilitarianism is: Act so as to cause the greatest happiness for the greatest number. This is because the practical application of the theory requires the ability to predict the long-term consequences of an action and, to predict those consequences with unfailing accuracy; past experience can, to some extent, guide future experience. [71] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harm_principle. Children between the ages of 9 and 14 make up the largest cohort of football players in the U.S. [58] Other people believe that media discussions have impeded needed change in minimizing sports violence. [1] Ingfei Chen, Exactly How Dangerous Is Football?, The New Yorker, Feb. 1, 2020. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, which advocates that those actions are right which bring about the most good overall. The NFL and universities, among others, urge no rash actions until there is more concrete proof of a causal link between concussions and adverse health outcomes. Daniel Goldberg, What Does the Precautionary Principle Demand of Us? Why or why not. If you took a deontological approach, what would your reasoning look like? Are you aware of comparable situations around the world where individuals and corporations that wish to be moral buyers should be similarly wary, knowing that their purchase price might aid the seller’s bad acts? [17] Kevin M. Guskiewicz et al., Association between Recurrent Concussion and Late-Life Cognitive Impairment in Retired Professional Football Players, Neurosurgery 57(4): 719-726 (2005). Myanmar is a small southeast Asian country that contains about 130 diverse ethnic groups recognized by the government. The latter part is important: utilitarians believe that everyone’s interests count. Utilitarians argued, for instance, in favour of rights for women and for people of various races. Explain. A 2017 study found CTE in 21% of donated brains of deceased high school football players. Given the obvious conflict of interest, the studies have been criticized on that ground. Do you think this an ethical issue or just a policy issue? Bry’s answer is that it’s not the players who are immoral, it is the fans who are comparable to Romans sitting in the Colosseum watching lions devour Christians. The utilitarian perspective is perhaps best understood when examined in contrast to rights-based perspectives. Most importantly, other studies seem to indicate that concussions may be more benign. An NFL player who plays 24 games increases the likelihood of premature death by 16%. Steve Almond argues that “a civilian leisure class … has created, for its own entertainment, a caste of warriors too big and strong and fast to play a child’s game without grievously injuring one another.”. [56] Professor Goldberg argues that “there is little evidence that such incremental changes [e.g., in tackling techniques] have a substantial risk-reducing effect.”[57]. Are the answers different for NFL players, college players, high school players, and under-14 players? Do you agree? [55] Julie Mack, What Parents Need to Know about Football, Concussions and Head Injuries, mlive.com, Nov. 24, 2019, at https://www.mlive.com/news/2019/11/what-parents-need-to-know-about-football-and-head-injuries.html (quoting neuroscientist Julie Stamm). A policy issue? Football causes more concussions than any other high school sport. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982216311939?via%3Dihub, “Dodging Rumour and Insurgency: The Hunt for Burmese Amber Goes to the Heart of Myanmar’s Turbulent North,” Financial Post, Jan. 26, 2017. https://business.financialpost.com/commodities/mining/dodging-rumour-and-insurgency-the-hunt-for-burmese-amber-goes-to-the-heart-of-myanmars-turbulent-north, “It is Time to Bring Global Attention to the Trade in Burmese Amber,” NewScientist, May 1, 2019. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24232283-300-it-is-time-to-bring-global-attention-to-the-trade-in-burmese-amber/, American football is a rough and dangerous game. [34] Munro Cullum, Is Football Bad for the Brain? Daniel Goldberg observes that “there is also a crucial social and political question that is not simply a function of that empirical evidence base: to what risks is it acceptable to expose youths and adolescents?”. [80] Anthony E. Prior, The Slave Side of Sunday (2006). How might the self-serving bias impact team physicians’ and trainers’ judgments and actions? All people—all happiness and all misery—count equally, in the eyes of utilitarians. Many recent studies point to how dangerous football is to players’ long-term brain health. One study found no statistically significant difference between the all-cause mortality among career NFL players and NFL replacement players who played just three games during the strike of 1987. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. Are there other cognitive biases and heuristics that might adversely affect your moral reasoning if you are not careful? Crossref reports no articles citing this article. How do we answer that question? Over two regular seasons (2012-2014), NFL players sustained 4,384 injuries, including 301 concussions. [81] Peter Benson, Big Football: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Culture and Color of Injury in America’s Most Popular Sport, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 41(4): 307-334 (2017). What the majority of people in that society believes is important will drive decisions. [78] David Gee, Doubt is Their Product: How Industry’s Assault on science Threatens Your Health, Journal of Public Health Policy, 29(4): 474-479 (2008). [7] Julian E. Bailes et al., Role of Subconcussion in Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review, Journal of Neurosurgery, 119: 1235-1245 (2013); Breton M. Asken, Research Gaps and Controversies in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Review, JAMA Neurology 74(10): 1255-1262 (2017); Philip H. Montenigro et al., Cumulative Head Impact Exposure Predicts Later-Life Depression, Apathy, Executive Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Former High School and College Players, Journal of Neurotraumua 34(2) (2017); Ann C. McKee et al., The Neuropathology of Sport, Acta Neuropathologica, 127: 29-51 (2014). According to research by neuroscientists, “There seems to be greater consequences if you’re getting your head hit when the brain is rapidly developing [below age 12].”. There are two major ethics theories that attempt to specify and justify moral rules and principles: utilitarianism and deontological ethics. [45] Eamon T. Campolettano et al., Development of a Concussion Risk Function for a Youth Population Using Heal Linear and Rotational Acceleration, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 48(1): 92 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02382-2. [61] Ingfei Chen, Exactly How Dangerous Is Football?, The New Yorker, Feb. 1, 2020. Utilitarianism, in normative ethics, a tradition stemming from the late 18th- and 19th-century English philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill according to which an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of happiness—not just the happiness of the performer of the action but also that of everyone affected by it. Utilitarianism is a theory of morality, which advocates actions that foster happiness and opposes actions that cause unhappiness. [67] Adam M. Finkel & Kevin F. Bieniek, How Public Helath Science Evaluates Evidence, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 25(3): 564-589 (2019). [75] Steve Almond, Is It Immoral to Watch the Super Bowl?, New York Times, Jan. 24, 2014. Riding a bicycle carries risk and not a whole lot of parents are not letting their kids ride a bike. Utilitarianism (also called consequentialism) is a moral theory developed and refined in the modern world in the writings of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). Thus, they are disproportionately exposed to concussions and other injuries that arise from the game. Utilitarian theory is one of the commonly used and analyzed theories by ancient and modern philosophers due to its universal nature in application. They’re healthy … And people say that’s crazy. Ethics, Population Health Policy, and Sports-Related TBI, in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Matt Ventresca & Mary McDonald eds, 2020). How do the tau clumps relate to the clinical syndrome—do the lesions fully explain the mood and memory problems? Is there a case to be made for “justified harm” in any of these leagues? [24] Michael W. Collins et al., Adolescent Sports Concussion, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 19(2): 247-269 (2008); Mark R. Lovell et al., Recover from Mild Concussion in High School Athletes, Journal of Neurosurgery, 98(2): 296-301 (2003). A public health professor has said that letting pre-teens play tackle football is “an abdication of moral responsibility for children’s welfare.”. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethical system, which means it is concerned with consequences. What moral principles would you take into account? [65] Daniel Goldberg, What Does the Precautionary Principle Demand of Us? Is your opinion altered by the fact that the scientist quoted above is the neurologist for the Michigan State University football team? [47] Ingfei Chen, Exactly How Dangerous Is Football?, The New Yorker, Feb. 1, 2020. Some take the view that the NFL has acted like the tobacco industry did when it was confronted with lawsuits seeking to prove to juries that smoking caused cancer. Rights. https://dc.law.utah.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1121&context=ulr, Sokol, Joshua, “Troubled Treasure,” Science, May 23, 2019.   https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/05/fossils-burmese-amber-offer-exquisite-view-dinosaur-times-and-ethical-minefield, Thiha, “Myanmar’s New Gold Mine is Dinosaur Amber, July 11, 2018. https://consult-myanmar.com/2018/07/11/myanmars-new-gold-mine-is-dinosaur-amber/, Xing, Linda et al., “A Feathered Dinosaur Tail with Primitive Plumage Trapped in Mid-Cretaceous Amber,” Current Biology, 26: 24, pl. [This article is taken from chapter 26 of The Ethics of Liberty.Listen to this chapter in MP3, read by Jeff Riggenbach.The entire book is being prepared for podcast and download.]. Why or why not? Dr. Omalu identified abnormal clumps of the protein tau in Webster’s brain, which he believed to be evidence of CTE. Over time more evidence has indicated that even mild concussions suffered by high school football players can cause serious consequences. (yo͞o'tĭlĭtr`ēənĭzəm, yo͞otĭ'–), in ethics, the theory that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by its usefulness in bringing about the most happiness of all those affected by it. They can suffer concussions from milder collisions than would be required to concuss a collegiate or professional player. Explain. Utilitarianism is a based on maximising utility or happiness.A good act increases A bad act increases suffering or reduces happiness. happiness or reduces pain. [44] Julie Mack, What Parents Need to Know about Football, Concussions and Head Injuries, mlive.com, Nov. 24, 2019, at https://www.mlive.com/news/2019/11/what-parents-need-to-know-about-football-and-head-injuries.html (quoting neuroscientist Julie Stamm). [48] In addition, evidence indicates (and is consistent with the self-serving bias) that industry funding of research often influences results. Modern utilitarianism is ethics based on logic and has helped many people decide how to live through its many modern utilitarian views. 3352 (Dec. 2016). [38] Jesse Mez et al., Duration of American Football Play and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopothy, Annals of Neurology, 2019; DOI: 10.1002/ana.25611. Furthermore, many of the miners in the Kachin region, on both sides of the conflict, are not fully aware of the value of the amber that they are selling and are therefore being exploited by the wholesalers who purchase from them. For example, assume a hospital has four people whose lives depend upon receiving organ transplants: a heart, lungs, a kidney, and a liver. Utilitarianism is one of the most important and influential moral theories of modern times. Concussion Suit, New York Times, April 22, 2015. In deciding whether it is ethical for you to buy amber from Myanmar, do you need to guard against the self-serving bias unduly affecting your decision? This has led some to suggest that the NFL is a modern plantation. [48] Kathleen Bachynski & Daniel S. Goldberg, Time Out: NFL Conflicts of Interest with Public Health Efforts to Prevent TBI, Injury Prevention, at https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/24/3/180.full; Ingfei Chen, Exactly How Dangerous Is Football?, The New Yorker, Feb. 1, 2020; Mark Fainaru-Wada & Steve Fainaru, League of Denial: The NFL, Concussions, and the Battle for Truth (2013). Despite their heightened susceptibility to concussions, youth football players rarely sustain concussions because they are lighter and collide with less force than older players. [68] Bill Pennington, Trump Says N.F.L. A. [73] Dave Bry, American Football is Too Dangerous, and It Should Be Abolished, The Guardian (UK), Jan. 4, 2016. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. 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