0000051159 00000 n ?Uz�W���h*;�Y����_g�������k��Yދ��u� mS��~�Zlؕ=�Օ����ܨ�7ު���(������:��o�f�'�:8=����;\�7_�.ڬ)��7��u�,����~8�?��/�hd�UU�mQ��,��5�?��W�Ӻ�̚�ot��5�Ǔ8��ꆎ�zŰ�8���j`BK���0�8�R#�)���_���a����Gp���y ��r���c /d7��ڶX�C��}�mѽfc{D�WY[�-�-`�m�MѝGɅ��aryf�h��h _W��Y�^�=v8�/뜞��l���ٵ�^ݷD���f��خWe�����c�( … 0000001822 00000 n Glacier Mass Balance and Regime Measurements and Analysis, 1945-2003, Version 1 This data set consists of glacier regime parameters observed between 1945 and 2003. 0000014977 00000 n May. We also found glaciers in the south The mass balance was 701 mm in 1998, an extremely negative glacier mass balance year. Airborne and satellite remote sensing is the only practical approach for deriving a wide area, regional assessment of glacier mass balance. Glacier behavior in the Karakoram is highly heterogeneous, both spatially and temporally, and its drivers are not yet fully understood (Bolch et al., 2012; Gardelle et al., 2012; Jacob et al., 2012; Kääb et al., 2015; Brun e… 0000001532 00000 n Figure 1: Decadal mean of mass balance for alpine glaciers reporting to the WGMS Figure 2: Time series and annual mass balance of alpine glacier … 0000058396 00000 n Mass Balance •describes input/output relationship of snow, firn and ice. 0000017179 00000 n in Part A you will determine how a glacier's mass balance influences whether or not it advances or retreats. Among other glaciological research, mass balance measurements of Gulkana Glacier began in the early 1960s with the University of Alaska Gulkana Glacier Project (Péwé and Reger, 1983).In 1966 the USGS began direct measurements of surface mass balance, which, after a decade of dense spatial sampling, were reduced to three "index" sites distributed across the elevation range of Gulkana Glacier. x�\IoI��R�L���.��E�T�VYY�/53����a0�|�s` 105 38 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 9 1. The mass balance, or the difference between snow accumulation and snow and ice ablation, is crucial to glacier health and its survival. Definition and types. Measurements began on South Cascade Glacier, WA in 1958, expanding to Gulkana and Wolverine glaciers, AK in 1966, and later Sperry Glacier, MT in 2005. A number of remote sensing approaches are possible for inferring the mass balance from some sort of proxy estimate. Negative values indicate a net loss of ice and snow compared with the base year. 0000017014 00000 n F=ÖOŠ Ç20°ü Ò,lûeŒ€C6Ö? The decadal mean annual mass balance was −228 mm in the 1980s, −443 mm in the 1990s, −676 mm for 2000s, and –896 mm for 2010–17 (WGMS 2017). "Conservation of Mass" (this time, of ice). This dataset shows the cumulative change in mass balance of a set of “reference” glaciers worldwide beginning in 1945. was calculated and an annual average amount of accumulation of +0.7 6 0.006 m w.e. For each glacier, the mass balance is set at zero for the base year of 1965. %%EOF Glaciers that terminate in a lake or the ocean also lose mass through iceberg calving. Methods of measuring mass balance If the mass of snow accumulated on a glacier exceeds the mass of snow and ice lost during summer months, the mass balance is positive. J.#T.Perron –12.001 –Glaciers# 2. 0000016487 00000 n Schematic overview of the various processes through which crevassed surfaces influence glacier mass balance relative to noncrevassed surfaces: (1) increased solar energy collection and enhanced surface ablation, (2) increased turbulent heat fluxes and enhanced surface ablation, (3) decreased buried crevasse air temperatures and suppressed ice deformation, (4) increased bulk glacier porosity and … This irregularity is often called the Karakoram anomaly and was first noticed by Hewitt (2005) before being confirmed by subsequent geodetic studies. z»a%¹¿÷ÌW¿ïûãûî_÷gyŸw¶óž3‡¾[n]L´¤Ÿð¤¸çæîD¾r‚„{V÷¹beÓBÔO_¿â†›ce§]Û 7­½>VÎb¬ë]܍•ÉW ½ÄÊ´4»÷æ>ŒÃ®Ü›€æÝ´¼'^Ÿ§C¹øæî5ñùÉû(»–uß¼W°Èµâ–ÅñzÁ|Yäù)yŽÕ_yq¤¿†0 [É)$O%ሁø V¬éD_µ¬^ñYŠÝÒB}è¯Ä©–:üɓSstJú†¿”}ÖbùÜvE Fˆ]è§Ú1Äà)»¸Çò¹. Using the graph that appears, what is the product of how much it loses by melting 1 Apr... = 0.15 and of ablation as Cv = 0.15 and of ablation as Cv 0.11.. 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