84 Summary for Motivation and Emotion EM.1 Motivation Motivation to engage in a given behavior can come from internal and/or external factors. Holism 368. The two fundamental components of affect are emotions and motivation. He was giving his grandfather words of encouragement as he pulled him to shore. Tone of voice and body language also serve as a means by which we communicate information about our emotional states. In many, if not most cases, our emotions and motivations operate out of our conscious awareness to guide our behaviour (Freud, 1922; Hassin, Bargh, & Zimerman, 2009; Williams, Bargh, Nocera, & Gray, 2009). Finally, cognitive theories argue that thoughts and other mental activity play an essential role in forming emotions. 1) Instinct- Evolutionary Theory 2) Drive Reduction Theory 3) Incentive Theory 4) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Lateral Hypothalamus (sides): "start eating center" Stimulation of LH: the drive to eat Destruction of LH no interest in food; even when starving Ventromedial The body’s thermostat continues to check for homeostasis and is always ready to react to future needs. Hunger and satiety are influenced by the hypothalamus and other signals within the body. Emotions are subjective experiences that consist of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal. Physiological theories suggest that responses within the body are responsible for emotions. Motivations are often considered in psychology in terms of drives, which are internal states that are activated when the physiological characteristics of the body are out of balance, and goals, which are desired end states that we strive to attain. Captain Sullenberger then calmly walked the aisle of the plane to be sure that everyone was out before joining the 150 other rescued survivors (Levin, 2009; National Transportation Safety Board, 2009). Study outline for K&R Chapter 7 (PDF) 2.2. Introduction to Major Perspectives, 2.4 Humanist, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Psychology, 3.1 Psychologists Use the Scientific Method to Guide Their Research, 3.2 Psychologists Use Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental Research Designs to Understand Behaviour, 3.3 You Can Be an Informed Consumer of Psychological Research, 4.1 The Neuron Is the Building Block of the Nervous System, 4.2 Our Brains Control Our Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviour, 4.3 Psychologists Study the Brain Using Many Different Methods, 4.4 Putting It All Together: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System, 5.1 We Experience Our World through Sensation, 5.5 Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Perception, 6.1 Sleeping and Dreaming Revitalize Us for Action, 6.2 Altering Consciousness with Psychoactive Drugs, 7.2 Infancy and Childhood: Exploring and Learning, 7.3 Adolescence: Developing Independence and Identity, 7.4 Early and Middle Adulthood: Building Effective Lives, 7.5 Late Adulthood: Aging, Retiring, and Bereavement, 8.1 Learning by Association: Classical Conditioning, 8.2 Changing Behaviour through Reinforcement and Punishment: Operant Conditioning, 8.4 Using the Principles of Learning to Understand Everyday Behaviour, 9.2 How We Remember: Cues to Improving Memory, 9.3 Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Memory and Cognition, 10.2 The Social, Cultural, and Political Aspects of Intelligence, 10.3 Communicating with Others: The Development and Use of Language, 11.3 Positive Emotions: The Power of Happiness, 11.4 Two Fundamental Human Motivations: Eating and Mating, 12.1 Personality and Behaviour: Approaches and Measurement, 12.3 Is Personality More Nature or More Nurture? Motivation, when seen in the real world, and when measured by science , becomes visible and detectable through behavior, level of engagement, neural activation, and psychophysiology. First, the arousal of emotion and motives of motivation both … Multiple theories have been put forward regarding motivation. We often see motivation as something that stimulates a person to act and behave to achieve a desired goal, while emotion is the feelings that emerge from the motive or drive itself, from the actions caused by the motive and from the achievement or failure of the desired goal. Motivational science is a behavioral science that seeks to construct theories about what constitutes human motivation and how motivational processes work. When we become aroused, the sympathetic nervous system provides us with energy to respond to our environment. The volume of the hippocampus has been shown to be reduced in individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. Motivation and Emotion: Evolutionary, physiological, developmental, and social perspectives – Denys A. DeCatanzaro (1999). The importance of this chapter is not only in helping you gain an understanding the principles of affect but also in helping you discover the important roles that affect plays in our everyday lives, and particularly in our mental and physical health. Motivation and emotion are tightly related processes that share the experience of subjective feelings and engage similar processes and structures in the brain. You will learn the different views on motivation, from those deemed instinctual, internal, and those viewed as external. Positive Psychology 368. emotion A combination of arousal, physical sensations, and subjective feelings that occurs spontaneously in response to environmental stimuli. Grand Theories 26. Sully kept flying the plane and alerted the control tower to the situation: “This is Cactus 1539…hit birds. Summary 21. The ability to produce and recognize facial expressions of emotions seems to be universal regardless of cultural background. The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released. Motivation can thus be conceptualized as a series of behavioural responses that lead us to attempt to reduce drives and to attain goals by comparing our current state with a desired end state (Lawrence, Carver, & Scheier, 2002). Like a thermostat on an air conditioner, the body tries to maintain homeostasis, the natural state of the body’s systems, with goals, drives, and arousal in balance. Wells, K. (2013). Passengers reported that the landing was like landing on a rough runway. Finally, we will review some of the most important human motivations, including the behaviours of eating and sex. The children may be impacted by too much noise in the classroom, too little sleep, or too much junk food in their lunch. More biologically oriented theories deal with the ways that instincts and the need to maintain bodily homeostasis motivate behaviour. Hassin, R. R., Bargh, J. Many psychologists believe that the link between motivation and emotion emerged from three reasons. Freud, S. (1922). Elements of Emotional Experience Emotion – Involves A Subjective Conscious Experience (Cognitive), accompanied by Bodily Arousal (Physiological), and By Characteristic Overt Expressions (Behavioral). We begin this chapter by considering the role of affect on behaviour, discussing the most important psychological theories of emotions. [Sacks] Chapter 12, "A Matter of Identity" (pp. We may end up in the Hudson.”, The last communication from Captain Sullenberger to the tower advised of the eventual outcome: “We’re going to be in the Hudson.”. (2009, June 9). The topic of this chapter is affect, defined as the experience of feeling or emotion. Whether it is the thrill of a roller-coaster ride that elicits an unexpected scream, the flush of embarrassment that follows a public mistake, or the horror of a potential plane crash that creates an exceptionally brilliant response in a pilot, emotions move our actions. Training had quickened his mental processes in assessing the threat, allowing him to maintain what tower operators later called an “eerie calm.” He knew the capabilities of his plane. When the tower suggested a runway in New Jersey, Sullenberger calmly replied: “We’re unable. Gavin’s ability to abate panic, and recognize and regulate his emotions was central to his actions in this emergency situation. Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a model that shows the relationship among multiple motives that range from lower-level physiological needs to the very high level of self-actualization. Increased amygdala activity is associated with learning to fear, and it is seen in individuals who are at risk for or suffering from mood disorders. Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion ... Summary Review Questions Project Ideas Contents Emotion has taught mankind to reason. For example, are emotions necessarily subjective feelings? Various theories have been put forward to explain our emotional experiences. Velocity toward goal attainment in immediate experience as a determinant of affect. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 788–802. Things that move us emotion­ally are things that motivate us as well. Psychology 170 Sunita, a girl from a little known town, puts in 10-12 hours of hard work everyday in order to get through the various engineering entrance examinations. Motivation and Emotion Psychology Activities. This review discusses the history of motivation and emotion concepts in psychology and affective neuroscience, drawing on both animal studies and human studies, in order to gain a better perspective on recent concepts and debates. Retrieved July 24, 2014, from http://toronto.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=389519. Automatic and flexible: The case of nonconscious goal pursuit. Social Cognition, 27(1), 20–36. With such a vast amount of content related to motivation and emotion in psychology, it can be a challenge to help students apply their knowledge. National Transportation Safety Board. As we will see, affect guides behaviour, helps us make decisions, and has a major impact on our mental and physical health. Morsella, E., Bargh, J. We hope we will act with the same clear-headed tenacity in emergency situations, but the heroic response is not assured. This chapter will discuss the various theories related to motivation and emotion. CTV. Treating Psychological Disorders, 14.1 Reducing Disorder by Confronting It: Psychotherapy, 14.2 Reducing Disorder Biologically: Drug and Brain Therapy, 14.3 Reducing Disorder by Changing the Social Situation. Eventually, the need or goal is satisfied (we eat), and the relevant behaviours are turned off. When more calories are consumed than expended, a person will store excess energy as fat. Motivation Emotions and Motivations Emotions result from goal-directed self-regulation. But emotions may also be destructive, such as when a frustrating experience leads us to lash out at others who do not deserve it. Experience averts tragedy in Hudson landing. USA Today. Some motivations are biological, such as the motivation for food, water, and sex. Philosophical Origins of Motivational Concepts 25. Levin, A. When the goal of studying for an exam is hindered because we take a day off from our schoolwork, we may work harder on our studying on the next day to move us toward our goal. Behavioural and Molecular Genetics, Chapter 13. Heroic act (video broadcast). Multiple theories have been put forward regarding motivation. Motivation is intimately related to emotion. Introduction to Psychology - 1st Canadian Edition, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. One common definition of motivation is the “physiological and psychological factors that account for the arousal (energizing), direction, and persistence of behavior” (Davis & Palladino, 2007, p. 231). Key Takeaways: Motivation, Emotion, and Personality Various theories of motivation strive to explain why people behave in certain ways by exploring the roles of instincts, internal and external rewards, the desire to maintain a certain level of arousal, the drive to reduce uncomfortable states, and the urge to fulfill physiological and psychological needs. Both of these words have the same underlying Latin root, meaning “to move.” In contrast to cognitive processes that are calm, collected, and frequently rational, emotions and motivations involve arousal , or our experiences of the bodily responses created by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) . The program ultimately places the motivation for behavioural control within the hands of the children. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of motivation and emotion as they relate to the field of psychology. The James-Lange theory asserts that emotions arise as a function of physiological arousal. Then we will consider how emotions influence our mental and physical health. Introduction to Psychology - 1st Canadian Edition by Jennifer Walinga and Charles Stangor is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. We experience these responses as arousal. Summary: Emotions. Introduction to Psychology – 1st Canadian Edition, Experience averts tragedy in Hudson landing, Excerpts of Flight 1549 cockpit communications. The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory suggests that physiological arousal receives cognitive labels as a function of the relevant context and that these two factors together result in an emotional experience. A., Nocera, C. C., & Gray, J. R. (2009). Posted May 11, 2012 He calmly set the plane down on the water. (2009, June 9). Both of these structures are implicated in playing a role in normal emotional processing as well as in psychological mood and anxiety disorders. Motivational theories explain the "itch" or "drive" or "reason" behind our behaviors - voluntary and involuntary. Toronto, ON: CTV National News. Motivation to engage in a given behaviour can come from internal and/or external factors. The word motivation is derived from the Latin word meaning “to move.” Detailed summary of Chapter 10: Emotion and Motivation in Michael Gazzanigas Pscyhological Science fifth edition. Neurological theories propose that activity within the brain leads to emotional responses. Gavin explained that his knowledge of driving a dirt bike served him well: “I knew that clutch in meant drive.” Vern described the young boy as “tenacious” and calm throughout the event. Read the following before watching the lecture video. The crew kept the passengers calm as women, children, and then the rest of the passengers were evacuated onto the rescue boats that had quickly arrived. Do animals have emotions? While often confused, sexual orientation and gender identity are related, but distinct, concepts. Summary for Motivation and Emotion by Dalhousie University Introduction to Psychology and Neuroscience Team is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. 1.2 The Evolution of Psychology: History, Approaches, and Questions, Chapter 2. Chapter 15. Defining Psychological Disorders. A motivation is a driving force that initiates and directs behaviour. An emotion is a mental and physiological feeling state that directs our attention and guides our behaviour. This review takes a historical perspective on concepts in the psychology of motivation and emotion, and surveys recent developments, debates and applications. Surprise, fear, anger, and sadness are some immediate emotions that people experienced in the aftermath of the April 15, 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. Both of these words have the same underlying Latin root, meaning “to move.” In contrast to cognitive processes that are calm, collected, and frequently rational, emotions and motivations involve arousal, or our experiences of the bodily responses created by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The limbic system is the brain’s emotional circuit, which includes the amygdala and the hippocampus. Because they involve arousal, emotions and motivations are “hot” — they “charge,” “drive,” or “move” our behaviour. Social Motivation Achievement Motivation Examines our desires to master complex tasks/knowledge and reach goals Some people have higher than others; Varies from activity to activity Extrinsic/Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic motivators rewards that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves; ex: grades, salary Intrinsic motivators ... CHAPTER 15 GROWTH MOTIVATION AND POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 365. Figure 11.1: Sully Sullenberger by Ingrid Taylar (http://www.flickr.com/photos/taylar/435061088) used under CC BY 2.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/); Plane crash into Hudson River by Greg L., (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plane_crash_into_Hudson_Rivercroped.jpg) used under CC BY 2.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en). Within each topically organized chapter, which all begins with a concise overview statement and ends with a personal summary, the author highlights material of special importance and concludes major sections with a summary. We’re turning back toward La Guardia.”, When the tower gave him the compass setting and runway for a possible landing, Sullenberger’s extensive experience allowed him to give a calm response: “I’m not sure if we can make any runway…Anything in New Jersey?”. 108–115) 2. Williams, L. E., Bargh, J. However, there is more to motivation and emotion than this kind of relationship. As the body works toward the desired end state, the thermostat continues to check whether or not the end state has been reached. Some called it “grace under pressure,” and others called it the “miracle on the Hudson.” But psychologists see it as the ultimate in emotion regulation — the ability to control and productively use one’s emotions. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to … The teachers help the children recognize what they need to do to make themselves calm and productive in class. Affect is an essential part of the study of psychology because it plays such an important role in everyday life. Motivation and Emotions Motivation Motivation involves thinking about why some things are done. Emotions normally serve an adaptive role: We care for infants because of the love we feel for them, we avoid making a left turn onto a crowded highway because we fear that a speeding truck may hit us, and we are particularly nice to Mandy because we are feeling guilty that we did not go to her party. 14.4 Evaluating Treatment and Prevention: What Works? But there are a variety of other personal and social motivations that can influence behaviour, including the motivations for social approval and acceptance, the motivation to achieve, and the motivation to take, or to avoid taking, risks (Morsella, Bargh, & Gollwitzer, 2009). In each case we follow our motivations because they are rewarding. A., & Zimerman, S. (2009). The purpose of this section is to give you an introduction to principles of motivation and emotion. I re … Theories of emotion explain how we experience and interpret emotion on a physiological, cognitive, and social level. When a drive or goal is aroused—for instance, when we are hungry—the thermostat turns on and we start to behave in a way that attempts to reduce the drive or meet the goal (in this case to seek food). CHAPTER 2 MOTIVATION AND EMOTION IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 24. Psychology in Our Social Lives, 15.1 Social Cognition: Making Sense of Ourselves and Others, 15.2 Interacting With Others: Helping, Hurting, and Conforming, 15.3 Working With Others: The Costs and Benefits of Social Groups, 16.3 Stress, Health, and Coping in the Workplace. Motivations are closely related to emotions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. He had served both as a flight instructor and the safety chairman for the Airline Pilots Association. Grouped into three main categories: physiological, neurological, and other mental activity an. 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